Week10_JavaFX

[!TIP] 🔔 温馨提示：本周练习代码在 src/main/java/org/anka/week10_javafx 中 🔗 点我跳转

Graphical User Interface: Introduction to Java GUI Construction with JavaFX

Event Based Programming

• We introduce some events any time we use Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• We tell the program which events we are interested in and what code we wish to invoke when a particular event occurs.

• We can create a window-based program where the user enters the data and the actions are taken place when some events occur

• There are several libraries in Java to create GUIs among them:

  • Swing and AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) (used to develop the GUIs in weeks 8 and 9)

  • JavaFX

Application 1: GUI Hello World

Old version

New version

We will present the code for this application and then explain how it works!

Code for Hello World

package helloworldgui;

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Label; 
import javafx.stage.Stage;
// JavaFX applications must extend the Application class
public class HelloWorldGUI extends Application {
    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        // Sets the title of the Stage (Window)
        primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World!");
        // Create a Label to display some text.
        Label label = new Label("Hello World!");
        // Create a Scene to hold the content
        Scene scene = new Scene(label);
        // Add the Scene to the Stage
        primaryStage.setScene(scene);
        // Show the Stage!
        primaryStage.show();
    }
}

JavaFX

• Stage, Scene and Label are all contained within sub packages of the javafx package.

• JavaFX is included in apache NetBeans 11 and IntelliJ.

• JavaFX is one of the standards for GUI development in Java, replacing Swing.

• Swing first appeared in Java version 1.2. It was implemented on top of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) which provided the graphics facilities for earlier versions of Java.

Overview of the JavaFX GUI Structure

image

• The Stage is the window, this never changes.

• The Stage (window) contains a Scene, which can change.

• The Scene contains a root Node, usually a layout pane (e.g. StackPane, HBox).

• A Node can contain other Nodes (e.g. a Button), with some limitations discussed later.

Stage

• JavaFX uses a theatre metaphor for describing aspects of the graphical user interface (GUI).

• The Stage is the window. The Stage never changes, just like if you went to watch a play at the theatre.

• With a JavaFX application, the Stage does not need to be created, it is a parameter of the start method, which is called when the JavaFX application is run.

Scene

• The Scene contains the content. The Scene is added to the Stage, and can change (much like when you watch a theatre production!).

• To construct a Scene, a root Node must be provided.

• In the Hello World application only a Label control Node is used, so this is the root Node.

• In the Hello World application the Scene object scene is added to the Stage object primaryStage:

primaryStage.setScene(scene);

Nodes

• Node is a general term for content objects in the Scene.

• Node objects can be isolated or contain other ‘child’ Node objects.

• Node objects come in a variety of forms, including control Nodes (e.g. a Button or Label) and layout panes.

A Closer Look at Label

• A Label is a simple control that can display either a short text string or an image.

• A Label can respond to mouse events such as a mouse click, mouse entry and mouse exit.

Top Level Containers

• A Stage is an example of a Top Level Container. That is to say that it contains other components, but it is not itself contained by anything.

• Other examples of top level containers are the classes PopUp and FileChooser (we won’t meet them in this lecture).

Some more JavaFX Control Nodes

TextField Button Checkbox RadioButton Menu ChoiceBox

Application 2: Get area

• We are going to create a simple app that receives the width and length of a rectangle and calculates its area

• We have to tackle two new problems:

  • We have to add textfields to our Scene, and make sure that they are properly laid out.

  • We have to make sure that something happens when the button is pressed (specifically that the area is calculated when it was pressed).

Layout Management

• In order to add multiple elements we must use a suitable layout pane Node as the root Node instead of the Label in the Hello World example.

• There are a number of layout panes available in the JavaFX API. For this example, we will use VBox (javafx.scene.layout.VBox) since it allows child Nodes to be displayed as a vertical column.

Button button = new Button("Get Area");
Label label =new Label("Area");

// Here’s where we add the layout pane to the Scene.
VBox root = new VBox();
Scene scene = new Scene(root);
root.getChildren().add(button);
root.getChildren().add(label);
// Here’s where we will add the Button, TextFields and Label control Nodes as children of the layout pane Node.

VBox Layout Pane

• A layout pane determines where components are to be placed when they are added to a container.

• The VBox class makes sure that components are laid out in a vertical column.

• VBox has two constructors, one which is parameterless and another which requires a double to determine spacing between child Nodes.

new VBox(); // Parameterless constructor
new VBox(5); // VBox with a spacing of 5 between the child nodes

Some Other Layout Managers

• BorderPane

• FlowPane

• GridPane

• StackPane

• TilePane

• HBox (the same as VBox but horizontal)

• And more… We will briefly explain the first three. You can look up the rest for yourself!

BorderPane

BorderPane allows five components to be added to Top, Right, Bottom, Left, and Center. You specify where the component goes using a second argument to the add method. node1 and node2 are some unspecified Node objects.

BorderPane borderPane = new BorderPane();
Scene scene = new Scene(borderPane);
borderPane.setCenter(node1);
borderPane.setRight(node2);
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();

FlowPane

FlowPane lays out components from left to right or top to bottom like a HBox or VBox. However when it comes to the right/bottom margin of the FlowPane’s preferred wrap length, set using the setPrefWrapLength(double value) method on the FlowPane object, the child nodes will appear in a new row/column.

GridPane

GridPane lays out components in a grid/table format (columns and rows). Basic use of GridPane involves adding Nodes and specifying the Node’s column and row indices.

GridPane grid = new GridPane();
grid.add(new Button("A1"), 0, 0); // Col 0, Row 0
grid.add(new Button("A2"), 0, 1); // Col 1, Row 0
grid.add(new Button("B1"), 1, 0); // Col 0, Row 1
grid.add(new Button("B2"), 1, 1); // Col 1, Row 1

GridPane is one of the more tricky layout panes to use, utilizing ColumnConstraints and RowConstraints to specify widths and heights respectively.

You can find more information here: https://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/api/javafx/scene/layout/GridPane.html

Events

• We now know how to lay out our UI, but we haven’t yet managed to make it do anything when the button is pressed.

• When a user interacts with a UI events are generated and these can be processed by event handlers.

• A Button generates an ActionEvent and this event can be processed by a class implementing the EventHandler interface.

Anonymous classes to implement EventHandlers

• Anonymous classes are used to handle events. In this case the click on the getArea button.

• Anonymous classes will be seen next year, now you only need to know that they are used in instances where we only need them once for a specific purpose, e.g. to handle specific action events.

Anonymous Classes

btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() { 
    @Override
    public void handle(ActionEvent event) {
        String area = getArea(widthField.getText(), heightField.getText());
        areaLabel.setText(String.valueOf(area));
    }
});

• We can use an anonymous class directly in the method call as an actual parameter, rather than specifying a separate class which implements EventHandler.

Application 2: Code

public class AreaApp extends Application {
    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        TextField widthField = new TextField("Enter width");
        TextField heightField = new TextField("Enter height");
        Label areaLabel = new Label("Area");
        Button button = new Button("Calculate Area");        
        button.setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() {
            @Override
            public void handle(ActionEvent event) {
                String area = getArea(widthField.getText(), heightField.getText());
                areaLabel.setText(area);
            }
        });
        VBox root = new VBox();
        root.getChildren().addAll(widthField, heightField, areaLabel, button);
        Scene scene = new Scene(root);
        primaryStage.setScene(scene);
        primaryStage.setTitle("Areas");
        primaryStage.show();
    }    
    public String getArea(String w, String h) {
        int height = Integer.parseInt(h);
        int width = Integer.parseInt(w);      
        return String.valueOf(width * height);   
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }
} // end of class AreaApp

Application 3: Digital Random shapes

Our final application will be a simple program that will draw 50 circles in random points on the canvas when the mouse is clicked. We need a canvas We need to draw graphics

public class DrawCircles extends Application {
    // The canvas is an attribute of the class
    private Canvas canvas = new Canvas(400, 400);
    // The canvas is added to the scene
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        VBox root = new VBox();
        root.getChildren().add(canvas);
        Scene scene = new Scene(root);
        primaryStage.setTitle("Draw Circles");
        primaryStage.setScene(scene);
        primaryStage.show();
    }
    private void drawCircles() {
        final int RADIUS = 20;
        Random rand = new Random();
        GraphicsContext gc = canvas.getGraphicsContext2D();
        gc.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.getWidth(), canvas.getHeight());
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            int x = rand.nextInt(canvas.getWidth());
            int y = rand.nextInt(canvas.getHeight());
            gc.fillOval(x, y, RADIUS, RADIUS);
        }
    }
} // End DrawCircles class

Responding to Mouse Clicks

In order to respond we need to implement the EventHandler interface just like with the Button click. The EventHandler asks to receive events by calling the canvas’ setOnMouseClicked method. Clicking the mouse on the Canvas generates a MouseEvent which triggers a call to the EventHandler’s handle() method.

MouseEvent like ActionEvent is a subclass of Event getButton lets our EventHandler know which MouseButton (PRIMARY, SECONDARY, MIDDLE) triggered the MouseEvent getX and getY lets our EventHandler know the x and y coordinates of the cursor at the time the MouseEvent occurred See: https://docs.oracle.com/javafx/2/api/javafx/scene/input/MouseEvent.html for this example we are not going to all these methods

EventHandler implementation

The anonymous class to be used (this can be placed in the start method):

canvas.setOnMouseClicked(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {
    @Override
    public void handle(MouseEvent me) {
        drawCircles();
    }
});

Imports

Some of the classes used share the same names as those from other packages, e.g. Point and Color Auto import may (will…) get it wrong. So here’s the imports you will need for this application:

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.scene.canvas.Canvas;
import javafx.scene.canvas.GraphicsContext;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import java.util.Random;